Resource pre-fetch using age threshold

ABSTRACT

Methods, systems, and apparatus, including computer programs encoded on a computer storage medium, for identifying a set of resources in response to crawling multiple webpages that use at least one resource in the set. For each resource in the set, a system determines an age of the resource using a timestamp for the resource. The system determines a pre-fetch measure of the resource based on the age of the resource and usage information that describes use of the resource at a webpage. The system selects a first resource from the set based on the pre-fetch measure and determines whether a respective age of the selected first resource exceeds a threshold age. The system generates an index entry for a pre-fetch index. The index entry includes a command to pre-fetch the first resource based on a determination that the respective age of the first resource exceeds the threshold age.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.17/721,611, filed Apr. 15, 2022, which is a continuation of U.S.application Ser. No. 16/545,354, filed Aug. 20, 2019 (now U.S. Pat. No.11,307,897), which is a continuation of International Application No.PCT/US2018/000361 filed on Aug. 20, 2018, the contents of which areincorporated herein by reference in their entireties.

BACKGROUND

This specification relates to computing devices for testing changes todata used in production computer systems.

The Internet provides access to a wide variety of information. Forexample, digital image files, video and/or audio files, as well as webpage resources for particular subjects or particular news articles, areaccessible over the Internet. Regarding web page resources, many ofthese resources are designed to facilitate the performing of particularfunctions, such as banking, booking hotel reservations, shopping, etc.,or to provide information, such as online encyclopedias, moviedatabases, news, etc.

A variety of search engines are available for identifying particularresources accessible over the Internet. These search engines crawl andindex the various web page resources. The search engines then use theindexes to determine which resources are most responsive to searchqueries and provide search results that link to the resources inresponse to the queries.

SUMMARY

Methods, systems, and apparatus, including computer programs encoded ona computer storage medium, for identifying a set of resources inresponse to crawling multiple webpages that use at least one resource inthe set. A computing system includes a large dataset or data corpus thatis populated with information about various webpages and resources usedat the webpages. The data corpus is populated when the multiple webpagesare crawled to identify the set of resources. For each resource in theset, the system determines an age of the resource using a timestamp forthe resource that is obtained from information in the data corpus. Thesystem determines a pre-fetch measure of each resource based on arespective age of each resource and usage information that describes useof the resource at a webpage.

The system can select a particular resource from the set based on therespective pre-fetch measure of the particular resource and determinewhether a respective age of the selected resource exceeds a thresholdage. The system generates an index entry for a pre-fetch index that caninclude a listing of resources and corresponding index entries for eachresource. The index entries can include a command to pre-fetch aparticular resource based on a determination that a respective age ofthe particular resource exceeds the threshold age. The system uses thecommand included in the index entry at the pre-fetch index to generate apre-fetch instruction for a resource that can be included in a searchresult that references the resource. Then when a client device submits arequest to a webpage referenced by the search result, the client devicewill also issue a pre-fetch request for the resources without having towait to process the webpage.

One aspect of the subject matter described in this specification can beembodied in a computer-implemented method, including, identifying a setof resources in response to crawling multiple webpages, each resource inthe set of resources being a component of a webpage in the multiplewebpages, and, for each resource in the set of resources: determining anage of the resource using a timestamp for the resource that indicates atime that a webpage of the multiple webpages was previously crawled toidentify the resource as a component of the webpage, determining whetheran age of the resource exceeds a threshold age, and, for each respectiveresource that is determined to have an age that exceeds the thresholdage, generating an index entry in a pre-fetch index, the index entryincluding a command to pre-fetch the respective resource based on thedetermination that the age of the respective resource exceeds thethreshold age, where at least one index entry is generated at thepre-fetch index.

These and other implementations can each optionally include one or moreof the following features. For example, in some implementations, themethod further includes: for each resource in the set of resources:determining a pre-fetch measure of the resource based on the age of theresource and usage information that describes use of the resource by oneor more of the multiple webpages; and wherein index entries aregenerated only for resources which are determined to have a pre-fetchmeasure that exceeds a threshold measure and an age that exceeds thethreshold age.

In some implementations, determining the pre-fetch measure of theresource includes: obtaining the usage information that describes theuse of the resource by the one or more webpages; and determining aposition of the resource at a webpage using the obtained usageinformation, wherein the webpage is not included in the multiplewebpages that are crawled to identify the set of resources.

In some implementations, determining the position of the resourceincludes: providing, to a rendering system, program code for rendering afirst webpage from among the multiple webpages that are crawled toidentify the set of resources; obtaining usage information thatdescribes use of the resource by a second webpage that is rendered usingthe rendering system; and determining the position of the resourcerelative to at least one element that is viewable at the second webpage.

In some implementations, the rendering system is external to a domainserver that hosts the first webpage; and the second webpage is aduplicate of the first webpage based on the program code being a copy ofthe actual program code used to render the first webpage. In someimplementations, determining the pre-fetch measure of the resourceincludes: determining a measure of stability of the resource based on arate at which an attribute of the resource changes during a predefinedtime period; and determining the pre-fetch measure of the resource basedon the determined measure of stability of the resource.

In some implementations, the pre-fetch measure indicates whether theresource is a candidate for pre-fetching and the method furtherincludes: using the command included in the index entry at the pre-fetchindex to pre-fetch a first resource when a client device submits arequest to a webpage that uses the first resource that is determined tohave an age that exceeds the threshold age.

In some implementations, determining a pre-fetch measure of the firstresource includes: determining a percentage of webpages from among themultiple webpages that use the first resource to render a digitalcomponent at a web browser that loads the webpage; and determiningwhether the percentage of webpages exceeds a threshold percentage. Insome implementations, the method further includes: determining whetherthe age of the first resource exceeds the threshold age in response todetermining that the percentage of webpages exceeds the thresholdpercentage.

In some implementations, determining the age of the resource includes:obtaining a first timestamp for the resource based on a first instanceof crawling the multiple webpages to identify the set of resources;obtaining a second timestamp for the resource based on a second instanceof crawling the multiple webpages to identify the set of resources; anddetermining the age of the resource by determining a delta between thefirst and second timestamps.

Other implementations of this and other aspects include correspondingsystems, apparatus, and computer programs, configured to perform theactions of the methods, encoded on computer storage devices. A computingsystem of one or more computers or hardware circuits can be soconfigured by virtue of software, firmware, hardware, or a combinationof them installed on the system that in operation cause the system toperform the actions. One or more computer programs can be so configuredby virtue of having instructions that, when executed by data processingapparatus, cause the apparatus to perform the actions.

Particular embodiments of the subject matter described in thisspecification can be implemented so as to realize one or more of thefollowing advantages. This document describes techniques for reducinglatency that can occur after a user interacts with a web-link, e.g., auniform resource locator (URL), to access a webpage. For example, thetechniques can be used to speed up arriving at a website that includes acollection of individual webpages. To reduce the latency and speed upwebpage navigation, respective index entries are generated for eachresource in the set. The index entries can include commands forpre-fetching certain resources based on each resource having satisfiedcertain freshness and stability criteria. The described techniquestherefore improve existing methods for accelerating access to certainonline content.

The techniques can represent a specific set of computer-implementedrules that provide a standardized method of efficiently processing alarge data corpus to identify resources, processing data that describesuse of the resources at a webpage, and generating commands forpre-fetching the resources to speed up accessing a website that uses theresources. As such, the described technology improves the efficiency ofthe computer system operation, which is an improvement to the computersystem itself.

The details of one or more embodiments of the subject matter describedin this specification are set forth in the accompanying drawings and thedescription below. Other features, aspects, and advantages of thesubject matter will become apparent from the description, the drawings,and the claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows a block diagram of an example system for prefetchingresources.

FIG. 2 shows a flowchart of an example process for prefetchingresources.

FIG. 3 shows a flowchart of an example process for determining an age ofa resource.

FIG. 4 shows an example graphical interface that includes search resultsand links to one or more webpages.

FIG. 5 is a block diagram of an example computing system that can beused in connection with methods described in this specification.

Like reference numbers and designations in the various drawings indicatelike elements.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

This document describes techniques for reducing latency that can occurafter a user interacts with a web-link, e.g., a uniform resource locator(URL), to access a webpage. The webpage can be a page hosted by awebsite and that displays content including items of media content ordigital components that are hosted at another location (such as anotherwebpage or website) and which must therefore be fetched from the otherlocation. The digital components may take any form. A user may click ona link embedded at a digital component to access a second webpage, suchas a landing page hosted by another website.

In general, graphical content of a webpage can be rendered using thehypertext mark-up language (HTML). A webpage, such as a search resultspage, may contain many web-links to different websites or landing pages.Scripted commands associated with the HTML for a website can be used tospeed up navigation to the website. For example, a pre-fetch command canbe processed by a web-browser to pre-fetch a resource used by a webpagerequested by a web browser. Prefetching or caching the resource canprovide a faster response when a client device attempts to access alanding page. However, it is often difficult to assess efficiently whichresource (used by a website) to pre-fetch to achieve reliableimprovements in the response time for when a user clicks on a URL linkedto the website. Automatic prefetching or caching of resources that areno longer used by a webpage wastes bandwidth and reduces the speed withwhich the requested webpage is rendered.

The described techniques may involve using a special-purpose hardwarecomputer system, or data processing apparatus, to identify a set ofresources in response to the system crawling multiple webpages that useat least one resource in the set. The system determines an age of aresource. Based on the determined age, the system can also determine apre-fetch measure of the resource. In some implementations, the systemdetermines the pre-fetch measure based on usage information thatdescribes use of the resource at one or more webpages. For example, theusage information can include parameter values indicating one or moreof: i) a freshness of the resource; ii) a breadth of the resource; iii)a position of the resource at a webpage; or iv) a measure of stabilityfor the resource. Some implementations determine a stability of aresource used at multiple different websites and use the determinedstability to generate a pre-fetch index, or an index entry for anexisting pre-fetch index, that includes a command for pre-fetching theresource.

The age and pre-fetch measure of a resource are used to determine if aresource is worthy of pre-fetching. For a given resource in a set, thesystem is configured to analyze webpages that use the resource andtimestamps for when the system crawled the webpages to obtain the usageinformation about the resource. For the given resource, the systemdetermines whether a respective age of the resource exceeds a thresholdage. The system then generates a pre-fetch index that includes a commandto pre-fetch the given resource based on a determination that the age ofthe resource exceeds the threshold age.

Hence, the system is configured to generate a pre-fetch index thatincludes a command for pre-fetching only resources that are sufficientlyfresh and, optionally, stable. In some cases, these improvements andadvantages are realized based at least on an indication of the ageand/or stability of the resource. By using the age threshold and/orother usage information about a resource, the system can avoidprefetching resources that change frequently, thereby conserving systembandwidth and processor utilization which translates to an overallimprovement to the operation of the hardware computer system. Moreover,the frequency of operations of rebuilding or modifying the pre-fetchindex is also reduced, which also reduces system processingrequirements.

FIG. 1 shows a block diagram of an example system 100 for pre-fetchingone or more resources. A publisher website can be formed from multiplewebpages 104. Each webpage includes one or more web resources 105 thatcan be associated with a domain and hosted by at least one server in oneor more locations. Generally, a publisher website is a collection of webpages formatted in hypertext markup language (HTML) that can containtext, images, multimedia content, and programming elements. Each webpage104 of a website can be maintained by a content publisher, which is anentity that controls, manages and/or owns the website or webpages 104.

A webpage resource 105 can be a component or constituent part of awebpage that is used or processed at a webpage 104 to provide contentover the network 106. In some implementations, resources 105 areprocessed using an example web-browser 107 of a client or user device108 when the webpage 104 is loaded at the user device 108. A user device108 is an electronic device that is under the control of a user. A userdevice 108 is typically capable of requesting and receiving webpageresources 105 using a native application, such as a web-browser 107,over the network 106. Example user devices 108 include personalcomputers, laptop computers, mobile communication devices, tabletcomputers, smartphones, smart televisions, e-notebook devices, contentstreaming devices, or related electronic devices.

A resource 105 is associated with a resource address, e.g., a uniformresource locator (URL) that is linked to a website or webpage that usesthe resource. Web resources 105 may be HTML pages or component parts ofan HTML page, or document, that are located or positioned adjacent otherelements of the HTML document. For example, a resource 105 can be asnippet of code, such as JavaScript or cascading style sheets (CSS), ata particular location of the HTML document to control or manage howcontent is rendered at the document. For example, data for a CSS candescribe how HTML elements are to be displayed on screen, paper, or inother media. In some cases, a CSS is configured to simultaneouslycontrol a layout of multiple web pages 104 for a website.

In other implementations, a resource 105 can correspond to other dataitems, such as image files, video files, audio files, and feed sources.Some resources 105 may include embedded information, e.g., metadata andhyperlinks, and/or embedded instructions, e.g., client-side scripts. Theresources 105 may be uniquely configured for use at webpages 104 thatare designed for desktop environments or mobile environments.

System 100 includes a computing server 102. In some implementations,server 102 is a special-purpose hardware computer system that uses aspecific set of computer-implemented rules to determine resources 105for pre-fetching to speed up accessing webpages that use the resources105. Computing server 102 can include processors, memory, and datastorage devices that collectively form one or more sub-systems ormodules of server system 102. The processor microchips processinstructions for execution at server system 102, including instructionsstored in the memory or on the storage device to display graphicalinformation for an example interface (e.g., a user interface 106).Execution of the stored instructions can cause one or more of theactions described herein to be performed by server system 102 orproduction system 104.

Hardware and software components of server 102 can form a pre-fetchsystem 110. Pre-fetch system 110 includes a web crawler 116 that obtainsdata for building a data corpus 118. Pre-fetch system 110 also includesa pre-fetch command generator 120 and a resource processing engine 120.

Web crawler 116 is configured to crawl webpages using addresses (e.g.,Uniform Resource Locators (URLs)) of links to websites that include acollection of webpages. The webpages are crawled to identify resources105 and usage information that describes use of the resource 105 at awebpage. For each address on the list, the web crawler may visit thewebpage (e.g., associated with the address) and crawl or analyze an HTMLdocument that is used to render content at the webpage. The web crawler116 may identify outgoing links, resources 105, time stamp and otherusage information within the crawled document. The web crawler 116extracts, copies, or otherwise obtains the usage information associatedwith the document and stores this information as a data corpus 118.

Command generator 120 is configured to generate a pre-fetch command thatis processed by system 100 to pre-fetch resources 105 that satisfy oneor more criteria. In some implementations, command generator 120generates the pre-fetch command based on information obtained from datacorpus 118 by way of processing engine 122. Command generator 120 canalso generate an index entry that includes the pre-fetch commandprocessed to pre-fetch resources 105 that satisfy certain criteria.

Processing engine 122 accesses data corpus 118 to obtain usageinformation that describes use of one or more resources 105 at awebpage. Processing engine 122 analyzes or processes the usage data tocompile and provide information for generating a pre-fetch command inresponse to determining that certain criteria is satisfied. The criteriacan include a determined age of a resource 105 and a determinedpre-fetch measure of a resource 105 (described below). The criteria canbe satisfied in response to system 100 determining that: i) thepre-fetch measure of a resource 105 exceeds a threshold pre-fetchmeasure, ii) the age of a resource exceeds a threshold age, or both. Theage threshold can be a numerical value that defines some predefinedperiod of time that a particular version of a resource 105 has been usedat a webpage. The pre-fetch threshold can be a numerical value thatcorresponds to parameters for a resource 105. The compiled informationis provided to command generator 120 to generate the index entry thatincludes the command to pre-fetch a resource 105. The index entry isstored at pre-fetch index 112 along with other data that can be used toexecute a pre-fetch command.

The system 100 uses processing engine 120 to access usage informationfor a resource 105 stored at data corpus 118. As described in moredetail below with reference to FIG. 3 , processing engine 120 determinesan age of a resource 105 in response to analyzing the usage informationfor the resource 105. The processing engine 120 can also determine apre-fetch measure of the resource in response to analyzing the usageinformation for the resource 105. In some implementations, theprocessing engine 120 determines the pre-fetch measure based onparameters in the usage information that describes use of the resourceat one or more webpages.

For example, the usage information can include parameter valuesindicating one or more of: i) a freshness of the resource; ii) a breadthof the resource; iii) a position of the resource at a webpage; or iv) ameasure of stability for the resource. Parameters, and theircorresponding data values that define a pre-fetch measure, can indicatewhether a resource 105 is a candidate for pre-fetching. A resource 105that is fresh (according to a freshness determination) can haveattributes such as a more recent timestamp or newer CSS version, whereasrelevant or critical resources 105 are resources that are used by someor all webpages in a group of webpages crawled using web crawler 116.

A measure of stability for the resource indicates whether a publisher orcontent provider is changing attributes of resources so often thatpre-fetching the resource 105 would be wasteful. Example attributes canbe certain coded instructions that are embedded in JavaScript used at awebpage 114 or a certain version of CSS used at the webpage. Hence, insome implementations, determining a pre-fetch measure of a resource 105includes processing engine 120 determining a measure of stability of aresource 105 based on a rate at which an attribute of the resourcechanges during a predefined time period. Processing engine 120determines the pre-fetch measure of the resource based on the determinedmeasure of stability of the resource.

The pre-fetch system 110 can determine a pre-fetch measure based on acomputed position of a resource 105 at a webpage 104. For example, thepre-fetch system 110 can be configured to interact with a renderingsystem 114 to determine the position of the resource 105 based on theusage information for the resource 105 obtained from data corpus 118. Insome implementations, the rendering system 114 renders an alternate orduplicate webpage (second webpage) that is not included in the multiplewebpages 104 (first webpage) that are crawled to identify the set ofresources 105. For example, the processing engine 122 provides programcode to rendering system 114 to render at least one webpage from amongthe multiple webpages 104 that are crawled using web crawler 116. Insome implementations, the second webpage is a duplicate of the firstwebpage based on the program code being a copy of the actual programcode used to render the first webpage.

The rendering system 114 can be external to a domain server that hoststhe first webpage. System 100 obtains new usage information (e.g.,resource layouts) that describes how a resource 105 is used, positioned,or located when rendered at a webpage that is a duplicate (or asubstantial duplicate) of a webpage 104. Processing engine 122 exchangesdata communications with the rendering system 114 to determine theposition of the resource relative to at least one element that isviewable at the duplicate webpage. The position or location of aresource 105 at a webpage 104 can correspond directly to a positionalvalue of the resource 105.

FIG. 2 shows a flowchart of an example process 200 for prefetchingresources. Process 200 can be performed using the devices and systemsdescribed in this document. In some implementations, steps of process200 are enabled by programmed instructions that are executable byprocessors and memory of these devices and systems.

Referring now to process 200, system 100 identifies a set of resourcesin response to crawling multiple webpages (202). For example, system 100can use crawler engine 116 to crawl multiple webpages to identify aparticular resource 105 as well as to obtain certain information aboutthe resource 105 that is used at each webpage 104. Each resource 105 inthe set of resources can be a component of at least one of the webpagesin the multiple webpages 104. In some cases, each webpage 104 of themultiple webpages uses at least one of the resources 105 in the set ofresources to render graphical content at the webpage 104.

For each resource 105 in the set of resources, system 100 can determinea respective age of each resource 105 using one or more timestamps forthe resource (204). Timestamps for a resource 105 indicate a time thatthe webpage 104 was previously crawled by system 100 to identify theresource 105 as a component of the webpage 104. For each resource 105 inthe set, system 100 also determines a respective pre-fetch measure ofeach resource 105 based on the respective age of the resource and usageinformation that describes use of the resource 105 by one or morewebpages (206). System 100 is configured to determine whether apre-fetch measure of a resource exceeds a threshold pre-fetch measure.For example, a pre-fetch measure can be defined by one or moreparameters, and corresponding values of the parameters, that areextracted from the usage information that describes use of the resource105 at a group of webpages 104.

System 100 is configured to obtain parameter data from the data corpus118 and analyze values for discrete parameters in the data that define apre-fetch measure. The system 100 analyzes the parameter values todetermine whether a resource 105 is a candidate for pre-fetching usingcomponents of system 100. For example, a pre-fetch measure can bedefined by one or more of a breadth parameter, a freshness parameter,and a stability parameter.

The breadth parameter of a resource 105 is based on a quantity ofwebpages 104 that include the resource 105 as a component part of thewebpage. In general, the more webpages that use the resource, thegreater the value of the breadth parameter will be. For each resource,the system can determine, from the code of each webpage, how manywebpages reference the resource. In some implementations, the breadthparameter provides a measure of relevance of a resource. For example, ifa particular resource 105 is used across multiple pages then theresource has deep breadth and is particularly relevant resource 105.

The freshness parameter corresponds, in part, to an age of a resource105, and indicates the most recent time stamp obtained for the resource105 in response to crawling a website that uses the resource. Thestability parameter indicates a measure of resource stability andcorresponds to a rate at which a website 104 changes or modifies anattribute (e.g., a version) of a resource 105 used at the website.

System 100 obtains one or more data values for each parameter thatdefines a pre-fetch measure of a resource 105 and uses the values todetermine whether the pre-fetch measure exceeds a threshold measure. Forexample, the system 100 can use an example comparator to compare oranalyze each of the parameter values against a corresponding thresholdvalue that defines the threshold measure. In some implementations,system 100 stores a set of threshold values that define the thresholdmeasure, where discrete values in the set correspond to each of thecriticality, freshness, stability, parameters.

For each respective resource that is determined to have a pre-fetchmeasure that exceeds a threshold measure, system 100 determines whetheran age of the respective resource exceeds a threshold age (208). Forexample, system 100 compares a criticality parameter value (e.g., 0.8)for a resource 105 to a corresponding threshold value (e.g., 0.3). Insome cases, the criticality value for a resource 105 indicates relevanceof the resource 105 based on a quantity or percentage of webpages thateach use the resource 105. For example, a resource 105 that has acriticality value of 0.8 indicates that 80% of the webpages in a givenset each use the resource 105 to render graphical content when thewebpage is requested by a client device.

System 100 can determine whether a particular resource 105 is acandidate for pre-fetching based on the pre-fetch measure of theresource 105 exceeding the threshold measure. For a resource 105 that isdetermined to have a pre-fetch measure that exceeds a threshold measure,system 100 determines whether an age of the resource 105 exceeds athreshold age or falls below a threshold age. For a resource 105 that isdetermined to have an age that exceeds the threshold age, system 100 cangenerate an index entry that includes a command to pre-fetch therespective resource based on the determination that the age of theresource exceeds the threshold age (210). For example, system 100 can beconfigured to generate index entries to pre-fetch up to five resources105 that have been observed in data corpus 118 more than once in thelast 7 days, 14 days, 21 days, or 28 days (e.g., based on pre-fetchmeasure or usage information).

In some implementations, pre-fetching up to five resources for a webpage104 that was observed more than once in last 7 days provides better, ormore optimal, click latency than pre-fetching up to five resources for awebpage 104 that was observed more than once in last 7 21 days. In otherimplementations, pre-fetching up to three or five resources for awebpage 104 that was observed more than once in last 21 days providesbetter, or more optimal, click latency than pre-fetching up to three orfive resources for a webpage 104 that was observed more than once inlast 7 days. The individual index entries that include the respectivepre-fetch commands can be stored at a pre-fetch index 112 of system 100,where at least one index entry is generated and stored at the pre-fetchindex 112.

FIG. 3 shows a flowchart of an example process 300 for determining anage of a resource. Similar to process 200, process 300 can be performedusing the devices and systems described in this document. In someimplementations, steps of process 300 are enabled by programmedinstructions that are executable by processors and memory of thesedevices and systems.

Referring now to process 300, processing engine 122 obtains usageinformation for a resource 105 and determines one or more pre-fetchmeasures based on the usage information (302). In some implementations,the pre-fetch measure includes the usage information. For example,processing engine 122 can determine a percentage of webpages 104 fromamong the multiple webpages 104 that each use the resource to render adigital component (e.g., graphical, video or textual data) at a webbrowser 107 that loads the webpage. Processing engine 122 determines thepre-fetch measure in response to determining that the percentage ofwebpages exceeds a threshold percentage.

To determine the age of the resource 105, processing engine 122 obtainsa first timestamp for the resource 105 based on a time at which theresource 105 is crawled during a first instance of crawling the multiplewebpages 104 to identify a set of resources (304). Processing engine 122obtains a second timestamp for the resource 105 based on a time at whichthe resource 105 is crawled during a second instance of crawling themultiple webpages 104 to identify the set of resources (306). Processingengine 122 determines the age of the resource 105 by determining a deltabetween the first and second timestamps (308). For example, if the firsttimestamp shows a date and time of May 1, 2018, 9:00 am ET, and a secondmore recent timestamp shows a date and time of May 8, 2018, 10:00 am ET,then an age of the resource 105 is 7 days based on the computed delta.In some implementations, if a resource 105 is used at multiple webpages104, then the resource 105 will have a respective age at each webpage104 based on its respective use at each webpage. It will be appreciatedthat the age of the resource 105 is an observed age as determined by thesystem 100 rather than an indication of how long the resource has beenin existence.

Processing engine 122 determines whether the age of the resource 105exceeds the threshold age (310) e.g., in response to determining thatthe percentage of webpages (e.g. 60%) exceeds the threshold percentage(e.g. 40%). If an age (e.g. 3 days) of a resource 105 is determined notto exceed a threshold age (e.g. 6 days), then system 100 does notgenerate an index entry to pre-fetch the resource (312). However, if anage (e.g. 7 days) is determined to exceed the threshold age (e.g. 6days), then system 100 uses command generator 120 to generate an indexentry that includes a resource pre-fetch command and causes the indexentry to be stored in the pre-fetch index (314). The system 100 can thenusing the command included in the index entry at the pre-fetch index 112to pre-fetch the resource 105 when a user device 108 submits a requestto a webpage 104 that uses the resource 105.

FIG. 4 shows an example graphical interface for a search results page400 generated using an example search engine of system 100. The resultspage 400 includes search results and links to websites that include oneor more webpages. The search results 420, 430, and 440 are responsive tothe query “current news” displayed in the search input field 404. Thesearch results 420 and 440 are web search results generated in responseto a search of a web index of addresses for webpages 104 that useresources 105. Each search result 420 and 440 references a URL link towebpage that uses certain resources to render in a browser application107 on a user device 108 and includes a URL link to the webpage 104, andother data 422 and 442, such as a snippet of text extracted for thereferenced webpage.

A digital component 434 can be displayed at the results page 400 as asearch result. In some implementations, the digital component includes asnippet 438 of data that may be extracted from the webpage to which alink of the digital component points. In the example of FIG. 4 , thesnippet 438 is a headline and text of a sale for designer handbags. Insome implementations, digital component 434 includes an image tovisually distinguish the digital component 434 search result from theother search results displayed at the results page 400. The digitalcomponent 434 may correspond to one or more content items displayed at afirst webpage, such as search results page 400 generated by a searchengine. A user may click on a URL link 436 embedded at the digitalcomponent 434 to access a second webpage, such as a landing page.

When the user clicks the link 436, one or more scripted commandsassociated with the HTML for the landing page is used to speed upnavigation to the website that hosts the landing page. For example, apre-fetch command stored in an index entry of pre-fetch index 112 can beprocessed by a web-browser 107 to pre-fetch a resource used by therequested the webpage 104. These pre-fetched or cached commands (and/orresources) included in the pre-fetch index 112 enable system 100 tospeed up access to the landing page and provide a faster response,relative to other systems, when a user device 108 submits a request toaccess content of the landing page. For example, a set of webpages canbe identified by a search engine in response to a query. Pre-fetch index112 can include an index entry for one or more resources 105 that areeach components of the one or more webpages in the set. Thus, when asearch result is created that references a webpage, system 100 accessesthe index entry to obtain a command or script that, when processed by aweb browser 107 of user device 108, causes the user device 108 to issuea request for the resources 105. The user device 108 performs the actionof processing the command obtained from the index entry in response toselection of a search result that links to the webpage.

Accordingly, when user device 108 detects a selection of a search resultthat references the webpage, in addition to the user device 108generating an HTTP request for the webpage, the user device will alsogenerate a request to pre-fetch a resource 105 using the command in theindex entry. Hence, when the webpage 104 is served to, or processed by,the user device 108 the resources 105 will have already been pre-fetchedby that time. This pre-fetch action results in minimal delays, andenables faster access times, when user device 108 seeks to obtaininformation at the webpage. This is because a portion of the data neededby the webpage 104 is already stored at the user cache.

FIG. 5 is a block diagram of computing devices 500, 550 that may be usedto implement the systems and methods described in this document, aseither a client or as a server or multiple servers. Computing device 500is intended to represent various forms of digital computers, such aslaptops, desktops, workstations, personal digital assistants, servers,blade servers, mainframes, and other appropriate computers. Computingdevice 550 is intended to represent various forms of mobile devices,such as personal digital assistants, cellular telephones, smartphones,smartwatches, head-worn devices, and other similar computing devices.The components shown here, their connections and relationships, andtheir functions, are meant to be exemplary only, and are not meant tolimit implementations described and/or claimed in this document.Computing devices 500, 550 can be example devices whose physical designand system operation requirements are advantageously impacted byimplementation of the techniques described above.

Computing device 500 includes a processor 502, memory 504, a storagedevice 506, a high-speed interface 508 connecting to memory 504 andhigh-speed expansion ports 510, and a low speed interface 512 connectingto low speed bus 514 and storage device 506. Each of the components 502,504, 506, 508, 510, and 512, are interconnected using various busses,and may be mounted on a common motherboard or in other manners asappropriate. The processor 502 can process instructions for executionwithin the computing device 500, including instructions stored in thememory 504 or on the storage device 506 to display graphical informationfor a GUI on an external input/output device, such as display 516coupled to high speed interface 508. In other implementations, multipleprocessors and/or multiple buses may be used, as appropriate, along withmultiple memories and types of memory. Also, multiple computing devices500 may be connected, with each device providing portions of thenecessary operations, e.g., as a server bank, a group of blade servers,or a multi-processor system.

The memory 504 stores information within the computing device 500. Inone implementation, the memory 504 is a computer-readable medium. In oneimplementation, the memory 504 is a volatile memory unit or units. Inanother implementation, the memory 504 is a non-volatile memory unit orunits. The storage device 506 is capable of providing mass storage forthe computing device 500. In one implementation, the storage device 506is a computer-readable medium. In various different implementations, thestorage device 506 may be a floppy disk device, a hard disk device, anoptical disk device, or a tape device, a flash memory or other similarsolid state memory device, or an array of devices, including devices ina storage area network or other configurations.

In one implementation, a computer program product is tangibly embodiedin an information carrier. The computer program product containsinstructions that, when executed, perform one or more methods, such asthose described above. The information carrier is a computer- ormachine-readable medium, such as the memory 504, the storage device 506,or memory on processor 502. In some implementations, the instructionsare included in program code executed using pre-fetch system 100. Forexample, processor 502 executes the instructions to cause one or morefunctions of web crawler 116, processing engine 122, and commandgenerator 120 to be performed.

The high speed controller 508 manages bandwidth-intensive operations forthe computing device 500, while the low speed controller 512 manageslower bandwidth-intensive operations. Such allocation of duties isexemplary only. In some implementations, high-speed controller 512 canbe a special-purpose hardware circuit with design features that improveperformance of data analysis and other analytical functions of system100. For example, high-speed controller 508 can be implemented atpre-fetch system 110 to uniquely manage analysis of data corpus 118 anddataflow between processing engine 122 and one or more of commandgenerator 120, pre-fetch index 112, and rendering system 114. Specificdesign features of controller 508 can enable system 100 to quickly andefficiently obtain usage information for determining an age of aresource 105 or for determining a pre-fetch measure of the resource.

In one implementation, the high-speed controller 508 is coupled tomemory 504, display 516, e.g., through a graphics processor oraccelerator, and to high-speed expansion ports 510, which may acceptvarious expansion cards (not shown). In the implementation, low-speedcontroller 512 is coupled to storage device 506 and low-speed expansionport 514. The low-speed expansion port, which may include variouscommunication ports, e.g., USB, Bluetooth, Ethernet, wireless Ethernet,may be coupled to one or more input/output devices, such as a keyboard,a pointing device, a scanner, or a networking device such as a switch orrouter, e.g., through a network adapter.

The computing device 500 may be implemented in a number of differentforms, as shown in the figure. For example, it may be implemented as astandard server 520, or multiple times in a group of such servers. Itmay also be implemented as part of a rack server system 524. Inaddition, it may be implemented in a personal computer such as a laptopcomputer 522. Alternatively, components from computing device 500 may becombined with other components in a mobile device (not shown), such asdevice 550. Each of such devices may contain one or more of computingdevice 500, 550, and an entire system may be made up of multiplecomputing devices 500, 550 communicating with each other.

Computing device 550 includes a processor 552, memory 564, aninput/output device such as a display 554, a communication interface566, and a transceiver 568, among other components. The device 550 mayalso be provided with a storage device, such as a microdrive or otherdevice, to provide additional storage. Each of the components 550, 552,564, 554, 566, and 568, are interconnected using various buses, andseveral of the components may be mounted on a common motherboard or inother manners as appropriate.

The processor 552 can process instructions for execution within thecomputing device 550, including instructions stored in the memory 564.The processor may also include separate analog and digital processors.The processor may provide, for example, for coordination of the othercomponents of the device 550, such as control of user interfaces,applications run by device 550, and wireless communication by device550.

Processor 552 may communicate with a user through control interface 558and display interface 556 coupled to a display 554. The display 554 maybe, for example, a TFT LCD display or an OLED display, or otherappropriate display technology. The display interface 556 may includeappropriate circuitry for driving the display 554 to present graphicaland other information to a user. The control interface 558 may receivecommands from a user and convert them for submission to the processor552. In addition, an external interface 562 may be provided incommunication with processor 552, so as to enable near areacommunication of device 550 with other devices. External interface 562may provide, for example, for wired communication, e.g., via a dockingprocedure, or for wireless communication, e.g., via Bluetooth or othersuch technologies.

The memory 564 stores information within the computing device 550. Inone implementation, the memory 564 is a computer-readable medium. In oneimplementation, the memory 564 is a volatile memory unit or units. Inanother implementation, the memory 564 is a non-volatile memory unit orunits. Expansion memory 574 may also be provided and connected to device550 through expansion interface 572, which may include, for example, aSIMM card interface. Such expansion memory 574 may provide extra storagespace for device 550, or may also store applications or otherinformation for device 550. Specifically, expansion memory 574 mayinclude instructions to carry out or supplement the processes describedabove, and may include secure information also. Thus, for example,expansion memory 574 may be provided as a security module for device550, and may be programmed with instructions that permit secure use ofdevice 550. In addition, secure applications may be provided via theSIMM cards, along with additional information, such as placingidentifying information on the SIMM card in a non-hackable manner.

The memory may include for example, flash memory and/or MRAM memory, asdiscussed below. In one implementation, a computer program product istangibly embodied in an information carrier. The computer programproduct contains instructions that, when executed, perform one or moremethods, such as those described above. The information carrier is acomputer- or machine-readable medium, such as the memory 564, expansionmemory 574, or memory on processor 552.

Device 550 may communicate wirelessly through communication interface566, which may include digital signal processing circuitry wherenecessary. Communication interface 566 may provide for communicationsunder various modes or protocols, such as GSM voice calls, SMS, EMS, orMMS messaging, CDMA, TDMA, PDC, WCDMA, CDMA2000, or GPRS, among others.Such communication may occur, for example, through radio-frequencytransceiver 568. In addition, short-range communication may occur, suchas using a Bluetooth, WiFi, or other such transceiver (not shown). Inaddition, GPS receiver module 570 may provide additional wireless datato device 550, which may be used as appropriate by applications runningon device 550.

Device 550 may also communicate audibly using audio codec 560, which mayreceive spoken information from a user and convert it to usable digitalinformation. Audio codec 560 may likewise generate audible sound for auser, such as through a speaker, e.g., in a handset of device 550. Suchsound may include sound from voice telephone calls, may include recordedsound, e.g., voice messages, music files, etc., and may also includesound generated by applications operating on device 550.

The computing device 550 may be implemented in a number of differentforms, as shown in the figure. For example, it may be implemented as acellular telephone 580. It may also be implemented as part of asmartphone 582, personal digital assistant, or other similar mobiledevice.

Various implementations of the systems and techniques described here canbe realized in digital electronic circuitry, integrated circuitry,specially designed ASICs, computer hardware, firmware, software, and/orcombinations thereof. These various implementations can includeimplementation in one or more computer programs that are executableand/or interpretable on a programmable system including at least oneprogrammable processor, which may be special or general purpose, coupledto receive data and instructions from, and to transmit data andinstructions to, a storage system, at least one input device, and atleast one output device.

These computer programs, also known as programs, software, softwareapplications or code, include machine instructions for a programmableprocessor, and can be implemented in a high-level procedural and/orobject-oriented programming language, and/or in assembly/machinelanguage. As used herein, the terms “machine-readable medium”“computer-readable medium” refers to any computer program product,apparatus and/or device, e.g., magnetic discs, optical disks, memory,Programmable Logic Devices (PLDs) used to provide machine instructionsand/or data to a programmable processor, including a machine-readablemedium that receives machine instructions as a machine-readable signal.The term “machine-readable signal” refers to any signal used to providemachine instructions and/or data to a programmable processor.

To provide for interaction with a user, the systems and techniquesdescribed here can be implemented on a computer having a display device,e.g., a CRT (cathode ray tube) or LCD (liquid crystal display) monitor,for displaying information to the user and a keyboard and a pointingdevice, e.g., a mouse or a trackball, by which the user can provideinput to the computer. Other kinds of devices can be used to provide forinteraction with a user as well; for example, feedback provided to theuser can be any form of sensory feedback, e.g., visual feedback,auditory feedback, or tactile feedback; and input from the user can bereceived in any form, including acoustic, speech, or tactile input.

The systems and techniques described here can be implemented in acomputing system that includes a back-end component, e.g., as a dataserver, or that includes a middleware component such as an applicationserver, or that includes a front-end component such as a client computerhaving a graphical user interface or a Web browser through which a usercan interact with an implementation of the systems and techniquesdescribed here, or any combination of such back-end, middleware, orfront-end components. The components of the system can be interconnectedby any form or medium of digital data communication such as, acommunication network. Examples of communication networks include alocal area network (“LAN”), a wide area network (“WAN”), and theInternet.

The computing system can include clients and servers. A client andserver are generally remote from each other and typically interactthrough a communication network. The relationship of client and serverarises by virtue of computer programs running on the respectivecomputers and having a client-server relationship to each other.

In addition, certain data may be treated in one or more ways before itis stored or used, so that personally identifiable information isremoved. For example, in some embodiments, a user's identity may betreated so that no personally identifiable information can be determinedfor the user, or a user's geographic location may be generalized wherelocation information is obtained (such as to a city, ZIP code, or statelevel), so that a particular location of a user cannot be determined.Thus, the user may have control over what information is collected aboutthe user, how that information is used, and what information is providedto the user.

A number of embodiments have been described. Nevertheless, it will beunderstood that various modifications may be made without departing fromthe scope of the following claims. Accordingly, other embodiments arewithin the scope of the following claims. While this specificationcontains many specific implementation details, these should not beconstrued as limitations on the scope of what may be claimed, but ratheras descriptions of features that may be specific to particularembodiments. Certain features that are described in this specificationin the context of separate embodiments can also be implemented incombination in a single embodiment.

Conversely, various features that are described in the context of asingle embodiment can also be implemented in multiple embodimentsseparately or in any suitable subcombination. Moreover, althoughfeatures may be described above as acting in certain combinations andeven initially claimed as such, one or more features from a claimedcombination can in some cases be excised from the combination, and theclaimed combination may be directed to a subcombination or variation ofa subcombination.

Similarly, while operations are depicted in the drawings in a particularorder, this should not be understood as requiring that such operationsbe performed in the particular order shown or in sequential order, orthat all illustrated operations be performed, to achieve desirableresults. In certain circumstances, multitasking and parallel processingmay be advantageous. Moreover, the separation of various system modulesand components in the embodiments described above should not beunderstood as requiring such separation in all embodiments, and itshould be understood that the described program components and systemscan generally be integrated together in a single software product orpackaged into multiple software products.

Particular embodiments of the subject matter have been described. Otherembodiments are within the scope of the following claims. For example,the actions recited in the claims can be performed in a different orderand still achieve desirable results. As one example, some processesdepicted in the accompanying figures do not necessarily require theparticular order shown, or sequential order, to achieve desirableresults.

1. (canceled)
 2. A client device comprising: at least one processor; andmemory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least oneprocessor, causes a web browser executing on the client device toperform operations including: receiving, from a search system, a set ofsearch results that are responsive to a search query provided by the webbrowser, each search result including a reference to a webpage, whereinat a search result of the set of search results includes a pre-fetchcommand that causes the web browser to pre-fetch one or more resourcesreferenced by the webpage referenced by the search result, and whereineach of the one or more resources that are pre-fetched is a resource forwhich the search system has: determined an age of the resource using atimestamp for the resource that indicates a time that the webpage waspreviously crawled to identify the resource as a component of thewebpage, and determined that the age of the resource exceeds a thresholdage; receiving a selection of the search result; in response to theselection, requesting the webpage referenced by the search result andconcurrently executing the pre-fetch command; and presenting the webpageat the client device by accessing and presenting data received from theone or more resources in response to executing the pre-fetch command. 3.The client device of claim 2, wherein the age of the resource isdetermined by: obtaining a first timestamp for the resource based on afirst instance of crawling the webpage; obtaining a second timestamp forthe resource based on a second instance of crawling the webpage; anddetermining the age of the resource by determining a delta between thefirst and second timestamps.
 4. The client device of claim 2, whereineach of the one or more resources that are pre-fetched is a resource forwhich the search system has: determined a pre-fetch measure of theresource based on the age of the resource and usage information thatdescribes use of the resource by one or more webpages; and determinedthat the pre-fetch measure exceeds a threshold measure.
 5. The clientdevice of claim 4, wherein the pre-fetch measure of the resource isdetermined by: determining a measure of stability of the resource basedon a rate at which an attribute of the resource changes during apredefined time period; and determining the pre-fetch measure of theresource based on the measure of stability of the resource.
 6. Theclient device of claim 4, wherein the pre-fetch measure for a resourceis determined by: determining a percentage of webpages from the webpagesthat use the resource to render a digital component of the webpage; anddetermining whether the percentage of webpages exceeds a thresholdpercentage.
 7. The client device of claim 4, wherein the usageinformation includes resource layouts and determining the pre-fetchmeasure includes: determining a position of the resource at a webpageusing the resource layouts.
 8. The client device of claim 7, whereindetermining the position of the resource includes: determining theposition of the resource relative to at least one element that isviewable at a rendered webpage.
 9. The client device of claim 8, whereindetermining the position of the resource includes: duplicating programcode of a webpage that includes the resource; and providing, to arendering system, the program code for rendering, wherein the positionof the resource relative to the at least one element is determined fromthe rendering.
 10. A computer-implemented method, comprising: receiving,from a search system, a set of search results that are responsive to asearch query provided by a client device, each search result including areference to a webpage, wherein at a search result of the set of searchresults includes a pre-fetch command that causes a web browser topre-fetch one or more resources referenced by the webpage referenced bythe search result, and wherein each of the one or more resources thatare pre-fetched is a resource for which the search system has:determined an age of the resource using a timestamp for the resourcethat indicates a time that the webpage was previously crawled toidentify the resource as a component of the webpage, and determined thatthe age of the resource exceeds a threshold age; receiving a selectionof the search result; in response to the selection, requesting, by theweb browser, the webpage referenced by the search result andconcurrently executing the pre-fetch command; and presenting the webpageat the client device by accessing and presenting data received from theone or more resources in response to the web browser executing thepre-fetch command.
 11. The computer-implemented method of claim 10,wherein the age of the resource is determined by: obtaining a firsttimestamp for the resource based on a first instance of crawling thewebpage; obtaining a second timestamp for the resource based on a secondinstance of crawling the webpage; and determining the age of theresource by determining a delta between the first and second timestamps.12. The computer-implemented method of claim 10, wherein each of the oneor more resources that are pre-fetched is a resource for which thesearch system has: determined a pre-fetch measure of the resource basedon the age of the resource and usage information that describes use ofthe resource by one or more webpages; and determined that the pre-fetchmeasure exceeds a threshold measure.
 13. The computer-implemented methodof claim 12, wherein the pre-fetch measure of the resource is determinedby: determining a measure of stability of the resource based on a rateat which an attribute of the resource changes during a predefined timeperiod; and determining the pre-fetch measure of the resource based onthe measure of stability of the resource.
 14. The computer-implementedmethod of claim 12, wherein the pre-fetch measure for a resource isdetermined by: determining a percentage of webpages from the webpagesthat use the resource to render a digital component; and determiningwhether the percentage of webpages exceeds a threshold percentage. 15.The computer-implemented method of claim 12, wherein the usageinformation includes resource layouts and determining the pre-fetchmeasure includes: determining a position of the resource at a webpageusing the resource layouts.
 16. The computer-implemented method of claim15, wherein determining the position of the resource includes:determining the position of the resource relative to at least oneelement that is viewable at a rendered webpage.
 17. Thecomputer-implemented method of claim 16, wherein determining theposition of the resource includes: duplicating program code of a webpagethat includes the resource; and providing, to a rendering system, theprogram code for rendering, wherein the position of the resourcerelative to the at least one element is determined from the rendering.18. A computer-implemented method, comprising: identifying a set ofresources in response to crawling a plurality of webpages, each resourcein the set of resources being a component of a webpage in the pluralityof webpages, and each webpage in the plurality of webpages using atleast one resources in the set of resources to present content; for eachresource in the set of resources: determining an age of the resourceusing a timestamp for the resource that indicates a time that theresource was identified as a component of a webpage of the plurality ofwebpages in a previous crawl, and determining that the age of theresource exceeds a threshold age; and for each respective resource thatis determined to have an age that exceeds the threshold age, generatingan index entry in a pre-fetch index for the respective resource.
 19. Thecomputer-implemented method of claim 18, wherein the index entryincludes a command to pre-fetch the respective resource.
 20. Thecomputer-implemented method of claim 18, further comprising: for eachresource in the set of resources: determining a pre-fetch measure of theresource based on usage information that describes use of the resourceby one or more webpages, and determining whether the pre-fetch measureexceeds a threshold measure, wherein the index entry is generated foreach respective resource that is determined to have an age that exceedsthe threshold age and to have a pre-fetch measure that exceeds thethreshold measure.
 21. The computer-implemented method of claim 18,further comprising: receiving a query from a client device; determiningthat a webpage in the plurality of webpages is responsive to the query;determining that a resource used by the webpage has an entry in thepre-fetch index; responsive to determining the resource has an entry inthe pre-fetch index, providing a pre-fetch command for the resource in asearch result for the webpage; and providing a set of search results inresponse to the query, the set of search results including the searchresult for the webpage.